The First Red Scare :: American History

Many historians have examined the post-war Red Scare in 1919-1920, but few have explored the move influence of the anti-red hysteria throughout the 1920s. This second Red Scare was generally more specific in its victimization, targeting mainly the womens peace movement. This opposition to pacifists grew from a post-war conservatism led by right-wing groups. The documents in this study address the question What groups attacked the Womens International League for tranquillity and Freedom, and how did League members respond to the attacks? After World state of war I many Americans supported a policy of military preparedness, which they hoped would protect the country from any future attack. The National Defense Act of 1920, which originally condition a peacetime army of 280,000 men and a National Guard of 454,000 men, reflected this sentiment.1 The Womens International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF) opposed this act. They believed that government policy and spending sh ould be directed towards international arbitration and the promotion of world peace. Their internationalist perspective became the grounds on which nationalist groups denounced the peace movement as an un-American combination of communists, radicals, and socialists. Secretary of War John W. Weeks was the first public figure to initiate the campaign of slander against the womens peace organizations when he began speaking tours around the United States to break the WILPF opposition to the National Defense Act. He encouraged other military men to follow his example and many did, including the director of the Chemical Warfare Service, brigadier general General Amos H. Fries. (For more on the Chemical Warfare service and peace activism see a nonher project on this website, Why Did the Womens International League for Peace and Freedom Campaign against Chemical Warfare, 1915-1930?) In response, WILPF began a policy of sending letters to their accusers, refuting each slanderous cl aim one by one. Document 2 in this project refutes Friess claim that WILPF members took an oath against any involvement in war. The Woman Patriot took up the slacker oath issue in its pages. separate conservative writers like Fred R. Marvin and R. M. Whitney wrote articles for the magazine that falsely claimed connections between the peace movement and the communist movement, ranking individual members on a color code of radicalism.2 However, these attacks were not viewed as significantly damaging until the famous Spider-web chart appeared in Henry Fords newspaper, The Dearborn Independent, in 1924.