Aristotles Perspective of Friendship in Homers Iliad Essay -- Philos

An Aristotelic Examination of Friendship in Homers Iliad It is exotic to label any intimacy a success or a failure it is stranger still to call the friendly relationship between Achilleus and Patroklos a failure, peculiarly when it has long been celebrated as genius of the greatest familiaritys in antiquity. After all, friendship is called a success when friends remain just that, and a failure when they take time off ways with diffidence. How else could we possibly judge friendship? I suggest, however, that the good of the friend is the end of current friendship, and that this principle can guide critical inquiry into the disposition of friendship. The basis of this statement is Aristotelian. The Nicomachean Ethics defines reliable friendship as the mutual appreciation of the intrinsic good in the other, and the desire to go forth the others good. The critique of true friendship, in Aristotelian terms, should consider not only whether the parties loved each other for th eir intrinsic good, but also the extent to which they were lucky at promoting the good of the other. The tragedy of Achilleus and Patroklos is that, condescension their love and desire to promote the good of the other, they may have ultimately failed. Their friendship may have failed not because of a lack of good will or capability, but because of the conflicting obligations placed upon that friendship by society, circumstance, and the unyielding character of Achilleus. For Aristotle, the perfect form of friendship is that between good men who be alike in excellence or virtue (Ethics 8.219).1 Indeed, both Achilleus and Patroklos are foremost amongst the Achaians, and both are commanders and warriors of the starting signal rank. Yet, theirs is not exactly a friendship between equals either ... ...Hades. It is ironic that the friendship of Achilleus and Patroklos resonates so strongly precisely because of their tragic self-sacrifice it is, perhaps, the most successful, celebra ted, true friendship, that ever ended in failure.whole kit and boodle Cited1. Aristotle, Nichomachean Ethics, trans. Martin Ostwald (Library of Liberal Arts 1999). Citations are given in book and page number.2. Homer, The Iliad, trans. Richmond Lattimore (University of Chicago Press 1961). tout ensemble subsequent citations are given in book and page number.3. (Ethics 9.248) Similarly, should he accommodate a friend rather than a good manif he is not in a eyeshot to do both? Book 9, Chapter 2 Conflicting Obligations deals with this subject at length.4. (Ethics 9.250) A further problem is whether or not a friendship should be broken off when the friend does not remain what he was. Aristotles Perspective of Friendship in Homers Iliad Essay -- PhilosAn Aristotelian Examination of Friendship in Homers Iliad It is strange to label any friendship a success or a failure it is stranger still to call the friendship between Achilleus and Patroklos a failure, especially wh en it has long been celebrated as one of the greatest friendships in antiquity. After all, friendship is called a success when friends remain just that, and a failure when they part ways with diffidence. How else could we possibly judge friendship? I suggest, however, that the good of the friend is the end of true friendship, and that this principle can guide critical inquiry into the nature of friendship. The basis of this statement is Aristotelian. The Nicomachean Ethics defines true friendship as the mutual appreciation of the intrinsic good in the other, and the desire to will the others good. The critique of true friendship, in Aristotelian terms, should consider not only whether the parties loved each other for their intrinsic good, but also the extent to which they were successful at promoting the good of the other. The tragedy of Achilleus and Patroklos is that, despite their love and desire to promote the good of the other, they may have ultimately failed. Their friendship may have failed not because of a lack of good will or capability, but because of the conflicting obligations placed upon that friendship by society, circumstance, and the unyielding character of Achilleus. For Aristotle, the perfect form of friendship is that between good men who are alike in excellence or virtue (Ethics 8.219).1 Indeed, both Achilleus and Patroklos are foremost amongst the Achaians, and both are commanders and warriors of the first rank. Yet, theirs is not exactly a friendship between equals either ... ...Hades. It is ironic that the friendship of Achilleus and Patroklos resonates so strongly precisely because of their tragic self-sacrifice it is, perhaps, the most successful, celebrated, true friendship, that ever ended in failure.Works Cited1. Aristotle, Nichomachean Ethics, trans. Martin Ostwald (Library of Liberal Arts 1999). Citations are given in book and page number.2. Homer, The Iliad, trans. Richmond Lattimore (University of Chicago Press 1961). All su bsequent citations are given in book and page number.3. (Ethics 9.248) Similarly, should he accommodate a friend rather than a good manif he is not in a position to do both? Book 9, Chapter 2 Conflicting Obligations deals with this subject at length.4. (Ethics 9.250) A further problem is whether or not a friendship should be broken off when the friend does not remain what he was.

Motiff of King Lear :: English Literature Essays

Motiff of King LearOne of the primary themes portrayed in King Lear is the harsh effects of betrayal by ones love ones. Incorporated in this message is the fact that such betrayal can be avoided with sound judgment and temper, and with patience in all decisions. Shakespeare uses the motif of aberration to aid in this message. Anger and insanity are coupled to illustrate the theme, and they both cloud the judgment of characters in various ways. A contrast in the midst of actual insanity and fabricated madness aids in the depiction of the main theme as well. King Lears temper and madness in the dust of anger are shown in map I, when he is quick to banish Cordelia, under the false impression that she does not love him. Kent tries to warn him, and says When Lear is mad, ... When majesty stoops to folly, implying that Lears lyssa has blinded him from making the correct decision. Lears anger is heightened when Goneril insults him and he decides to leave her castle. His anger consumes him until he is forced to scream to the skies, O Let me not be mad... life me in temper. In Act II, after he is betrayed by Regan as well, he says to his servant, O Fool, I shall go mad. He is saying that he is so overcome by pain that he will go mad, not knowing that, ironically, his anger will later transform into true insanity. Edgar offers a contrasting pathway for the madness motif to unfold. In Act II, after fleeing Gloucesters castle, he decides to disguise himself as a beggar with no clothes and lunatic bans. He pretends to be mad for the majority of the story and in another ironic twist, it is this so-called madman that actually brings many truths to light. Lears madness begins to unfold in Act III. Kent notes in the shelter, that his wits begin to unsettle. Scene IV is a blatant display of madness by Lear and the acting Edgar, who converse with each other in incoherent outbursts. Lear becomes more and more unstable as he uses two stools as models of his daughters and pla ces them on trial for the crimes they have committed against him. In Act IV, Edgar is reunited with Gloucester, who thinks he is a madman. Edgar actually saves his fathers life in this act, still pretending to be mad the entire time.

I Never Promised You a Rose Garden by Joanne Greenberg Essay examples -

I Never Promised You a Rose Garden by Joanne Greenberg dementia praecox has long been a devastating intellectual illness and only recently concord we begun to see an improvement in our capabilities to treat this disorder. The development of neuroleptics such as, Haldol, Risperidal, and Zyprexa have given psychiatrists, psychologists and their patients great hope in the battle against this psychical disease. However, during the 1960s, drugs were not available and psychologists relied upon psych another(prenominal)apy in order to treat patients. I Never Promised You a Rose Garden, is a description of a sixteen-year-old girls battle with schizophrenia, in the 1960s. Deborah Blaus illness spanned three years, in which she spent her life in a mental institution. The book itself is a semi-autobiographical account of Joanne Greenbergs experiences in a mental hospital during her own bout with schizophrenia. She presents her experiences by relating them to Deborah. The falsehood was writ ten to help iron out the stigmatisms and prejudices held against mental illness. In the late 1960s, reactions to mental illness gener whollyy fell between two polarized attitudes. One, popular with the counterculture generation, romanticized mental illness as an altered posit of consciousness that was rich in prowessistic, creative inspiration. The protagonist of this myth was the tortured artist who poured out his or her soul in writing or art between periods of mental breakdown Sylvia Plath, Vincent Van Gogh, and Virginia Woolf are only a few such individuals whose artistry is practically inseparable from the idealized myths of their mental instability. frequently their periods of mental breakdown were a source of inspiration, but before one romanticizes their mental illnesses, it necessary to remember that all three committed suicide.On the other end of the spectrum, mental illness was stigmatized as a weakness or fatal flaw on the part of the sufferer. Even today, many uninf ormed community regard mental illness as a stigmatized condition, shrouded in shameful secrecy and negative stereotypes, to be described with frightening or belittling euphemisms. In the late 1960s, when Greenbergs novel was published, mental illness was even more misunderstood and feared. The reading public had absorbed centuries of inaccurate information about mental illness, all based on prejudice, ignorance, and fear.Because of he... ... is sufficient to treat schizophrenia. Still, these new findings certainly do not invalidate the importance of empathy and understanding in the treatment of schizophrenia. Greenbergs desire to call for sympathy, respect, and understanding for sufferers of mental illness is still a valid concern, and her novel remains valuable as a sympathetic portrayal of mental illness. Although this novel uses outdated treatment methods, it does succeed in allowing the reader to see into the mind of a mentally ill person. Greenberg portrays the problem of me ntal illness from different perspectives. She details Jacob and Esther Blaus struggle with self-doubt, blame, and the stigma of their daughters sickness. The novel also portrays the difficult, stressful work required of the medical professionals and the staff who work with mentally ill patients. However, most importantly, Greenberg portrays the experience of mental illness from the patients point of view. Struggling with mental illness is not glamorous or easy. The road to recovery is lined with setbacks, doubt, and fear. It takes a great deal of resolution and perseverance on Deborahs part to face her illness and fight it through treatment.

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and Veterans Essay -- Post-traumatic st

Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (posttraumatic stress disorder), originally associated with combat, has always been around in n primal shape or form but it was not until 1980 that it was named Post Traumatic Stress Disorder and became an accredited diagnosis (Rothschild). The fact is PTSD is one of numerous name calling for an old problem that war has always had a severe psychological impact on people in immediate and lasting ways. PTSD has a history that is as long and significant as the worlds war history - thousands of years. Although, the diagnosis has not been around for that long, different names and symptoms of PTSD always have been. Some physical symptoms include increased blood pressure, excessive heart rate, rapid breathing, muscle tension, nausea, diarrhea, problems with vision, speech, walking disorders, convulsive vomiting, cardiac palpitations, twitching or spasms, weakness and severe muscular cramps. The individual may also suffer from psychological symptoms, such as violent nightmares, flashbacks, melancholy, disturbed peace or insomnia, loss of appetite, and anxieties when certain things remind them such as the anniversary date of the event (Peterson, 2009).Examples of PTSD can be found as early as in ancient Greek and Roman history, for example the Greek historian Herodotus mentions an Athenian warrior who went permanently blind when the soldier standing next to him was killed, although the blind soldier was wounded in no part of his body when he wrote about the battle of Marathon in 490 B.C. He also writes of the Spartan air force officer Leonidas, who, at the battle of Thermopylae Pass in 480 B.C., dismissed his men from joining the combat because he clearly recognized they were psychologically spent from previous(prenominal) battles.-They had no heart for ... ...to gain economically (combined with veterans pride and distrust) accounts for the fact that of 830,000 Vietnam veterans with full-blown or partial PTSD, only 55,119 have file d claims, and the medical boards have only believed 28,411 (Triangle set up study, July 1990) (Bentley, 2005)Works CitedBentley, S. (2005, March). Short History of PTSD. Retrieved 12 6, 2011, from Veteranhttp//www.vva.org/archive/TheVeteran/2005_03/feature_HistoryPTSD.htmPBS. (n.d.). PBS Org. Retrieved 12 6, 2011, from The Soldiers Heart http//www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/heart/themes/shellshock.htmlPeterson, D. (2009). From Shell shock to PTSD. Retrieved 12 6, 2011, from http//www.las.illinois.edu/news/2009/posttraumatic stress disorder/Rothschild, B. (n.d.). Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Retrieved 11 6, 20011, from http//www.healing-arts.org/tir/n-r-rothschild.htm

The First Red Scare :: American History

Many historians have examined the post-war Red Scare in 1919-1920, but few have explored the move influence of the anti-red hysteria throughout the 1920s. This second Red Scare was generally more specific in its victimization, targeting mainly the womens peace movement. This opposition to pacifists grew from a post-war conservatism led by right-wing groups. The documents in this study address the question What groups attacked the Womens International League for tranquillity and Freedom, and how did League members respond to the attacks? After World state of war I many Americans supported a policy of military preparedness, which they hoped would protect the country from any future attack. The National Defense Act of 1920, which originally condition a peacetime army of 280,000 men and a National Guard of 454,000 men, reflected this sentiment.1 The Womens International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF) opposed this act. They believed that government policy and spending sh ould be directed towards international arbitration and the promotion of world peace. Their internationalist perspective became the grounds on which nationalist groups denounced the peace movement as an un-American combination of communists, radicals, and socialists. Secretary of War John W. Weeks was the first public figure to initiate the campaign of slander against the womens peace organizations when he began speaking tours around the United States to break the WILPF opposition to the National Defense Act. He encouraged other military men to follow his example and many did, including the director of the Chemical Warfare Service, brigadier general General Amos H. Fries. (For more on the Chemical Warfare service and peace activism see a nonher project on this website, Why Did the Womens International League for Peace and Freedom Campaign against Chemical Warfare, 1915-1930?) In response, WILPF began a policy of sending letters to their accusers, refuting each slanderous cl aim one by one. Document 2 in this project refutes Friess claim that WILPF members took an oath against any involvement in war. The Woman Patriot took up the slacker oath issue in its pages. separate conservative writers like Fred R. Marvin and R. M. Whitney wrote articles for the magazine that falsely claimed connections between the peace movement and the communist movement, ranking individual members on a color code of radicalism.2 However, these attacks were not viewed as significantly damaging until the famous Spider-web chart appeared in Henry Fords newspaper, The Dearborn Independent, in 1924.

The First Red Scare :: American History

Mevery historians have examined the post-war rosy-cheeked Scare in 1919-1920, but few have explored the continued influence of the anti-red hysteria throughout the 1920s. This second Red Scare was generally more specific in its victimization, targeting mainly the womens peace movement. This opposition to pacifists grew from a post-war conservatism led by right-wing groups. The documents in this theatre address the question What groups attacked the Womens International League for Peace and Freedom, and how did League members respond to the attacks? After World War I many Americans supported a form _or_ system of government of military preparedness, which they hoped would protect the country from any future attack. The field of study Defense Act of 1920, which originally specified a peacetime army of 280,000 men and a National Guard of 454,000 men, reflected this sentiment.1 The Womens International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF) opposed this act. They believed that go vernment policy and spending should be directed towards international arbitration and the promotion of earthly concern peace. Their internationalist perspective became the grounds on which nationalist groups denounced the peace movement as an un-American conspiracy of communists, radicals, and socialists. Secretary of War John W. Weeks was the first ordinary figure to initiate the campaign of slander against the womens peace organizations when he began speaking tours around the United States to counteract the WILPF opposition to the National Defense Act. He promote other military men to follow his example and many did, including the director of the Chemical war Service, Brigadier General Amos H. Fries. (For more on the Chemical Warfare service and peace activism see another project on this website, Why Did the Womens International League for Peace and Freedom Campaign against Chemical Warfare, 1915-1930?) In response, WILPF began a policy of sending letters to their accuse rs, refuting each slanderous claim one by one. Document 2 in this project refutes Friess claim that WILPF members took an oath against any involvement in war. The Woman Patriot took up the slacker oath issue in its pages. Other conservative writers like Fred R. Marvin and R. M. Whitney wrote articles for the magazine that falsely claimed connections mingled with the peace movement and the communist movement, ranking individual members on a color code of radicalism.2 However, these attacks were not viewed as significantly damaging until the famous Spider-web chart appeared in Henry Fords newspaper, The Dearborn Independent, in 1924.